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Article ID: CBB660664667

Discovering San Antón de Carlos: The Sixteenth-Century Spanish Buildings and Fortifications of Mound Key, Capital of the Calusa (2020)

Victor D. Thompson (Author)
Amanda D. Roberts Thompson (Author)
William H. Marquardt (Author)
Karen J. Walker (Author)
Lee A. Newsom (Author)

Historical Archaeology
Volume: 54
Issue: 2
Pages: 334-353
Publication date: 2020
Language: English

URI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00236-6

DOI: 10.1007/s41636-020-00236-6

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Historical archaeology fortification Excavations (archaeology) Spain, colonies 16th century San Antón de Carlos Florida (U.S.) Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

In 1566, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés arrived at the capital of the Calusa kingdom. During that same year Menéndez issued the order to construct Fort San Antón de Carlos, which was occupied until 1569. This fort was also the location of one of the first Jesuit missions (1567) in what is now the United States. We now can confirm what archaeologists and historians have long suspected: the location of the fort and the capital of the Calusa was Mound Key (8LL2), located in Estero Bay in southwestern Florida. In this article, we present the first archaeological evidence of structures and fortifications associated with the 16th-century Spanish fort and mission of San Antón de Carlos. We conducted this work, which includes both remote sensing and excavation, in an effort to better document the history of the Calusa capital up to and including the colonial period.

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