Northeastern Cuba, particularly the modern-day province of Holguin, is one of the areas of the Caribbean with the largest number of indigenous sites yielding European objects. In the sixteenth century, most of these sites maintained direct or indirect links with Europeans, while others were transformed into permanent colonial spaces by the Spaniards. The study of European objects found at these sites suggests that some of these items were acquired through exchange or as gifts. However, the largest collections of objects appear to have originally functioned as tools or other items used by both Europeans and Indians for mining and agricultural labor. We believe this pattern was established as a result of a process of conquest and colonization specific to Cuba, during which European colonizers rapidly managed to control the local population, thus limiting the indigenous capacity for negotiation.
...MoreBook Corinne L. Hofman; Keehnen, Floris W.M. (2019) Material encounters and indigenous transformations in the early colonial Americas : Archaeological case studies.
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