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Article ID: CBB000932565

Migrant Clinics and Hookworm Science: Peripheral Origins of International Health, 1840--1920 (2009)

Palmer, Steven Paul (Author)

Bulletin of the History of Medicine
Volume: 83
Pages: 676--709
Publication date: 2009
Language: English

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Medicine Labor and laborers Health Parasitic diseases Research 19th century 20th century, early Latin America Rockefeller Foundation

This article proposes a global history of hookworm disease based on the main scientific publications on hookworm disease (ankylostomiasis) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and archival sources from the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Board. The location of hookworm research is explained by the presence of large concentrations of migrant laborers who suffered from serious hookworm disease in frontier regions during the second industrial revolution. This hookworm disease pandemic was not the result of a linear spread of infection. The extraordinary labor conditions in these regions created ideal ecologies for the reproduction of the parasite, leading to levels of infection that produced ankylostomiasis. The major findings in hookworm science came from research-oriented physicians building new institutions of medical science in peripheral nation-states. In a number of Latin American states their work led to treatment programs conceived in national terms that preceded the interest of Rockefeller philanthropy in the disease. The Rockefeller Foundation incorporated these programs in order to launch its International Health hookworm eradication program in 1914.

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