The Gibraltar Skull is Gibraltar's most celebrated fossil and the first adult Neanderthal skull ever found. Very little is known about its discovery and history while it was in Gibraltar. The skull was sent to London in 1864. There it formed a key component in the debates about human evolution and especially how Neanderthal 1, the Feldhofer skull, was understood. As such, it was instrumental in initiating the new field of palaeoanthropology. This paper draws on published and unpublished, primary sources to re-evaluate the early history of the Gibraltar Skull and provides fresh interpretations of this history.
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