Walton, Steven A. (Author)
The process of winning metal ores is heavily dependent upon a combination of the geography of where they are located, the geology in which they are located, and the machinery and methods by which they are extracted. Although washing of ores has an ancient pedigree, a particular type of machine known generally as an "ore washer" (most often a type known as the "log washer") was developed in the mid-nineteenth century brown hematite iron-ore banks on the Appalachian Front, specifically in central Pennsylvania. Here iron mineral, found embedded in sand and clay banks, requires mechanical cleaning in ore washers before being sent to the furnaces. By investigating the context of their original invention in the 1830s by the forgotten Frederik Fredley, their spread through the rest of the century as evidenced by patents, and through exploration of four fully developed washer plants owned by industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie by the 1880s and 90s, this particular solution to a particular geology sheds light on a period of mining that predates most studies of ore separation and concentration. It also shows that the story of Pennsylvania iron ore mining and concentration should not be understood in quite the same way that western iron mining has been. The study also brings the ore washer into focus as the item of attention that defined the central Pennsylvania iron mining industry on the landscape. [2019 Vogel Prize winner]
...MoreArticle Gary F. Coppock (2015) Abraham S. Valentine's Log Washer and the Resuscitation of the Nineteenth-Century Iron Industry of Central Pennsylvania. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 48-69).
Article Gary F. Coppock (2015) Foreword: Theme Issue: The Archeology of Industry in Pennyslvania. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 3-4).
Article Scott D. Heberling (2015) The Archaeology of Failure: An Example from the Juniata Iron District of Pennsylvania. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 25-47).
Article Benjamin Resnick (2015) Bark, Liquor, and Skins: Late 19th-century Tanning on Pittsburgh's Northside. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 93-112).
Article Brian L. Fritz; Jason Espino (2015) Sand Manufacturing in Western Pennsylvania: The Spring Creek Glass Sand Works. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 113-130).
Article Christine Davis (2015) Jones and Laughlin Steel Works: 130 Years of Industry/25 Years of Archaeology. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 131-142).
Article Gerald M. Kuncio (2015) Disappearing Icon: The Pennsylvania Turnpike's Rigid-Frame Bridges. IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology (pp. 143-151).
Article
Gary F. Coppock;
(2015)
Abraham S. Valentine's Log Washer and the Resuscitation of the Nineteenth-Century Iron Industry of Central Pennsylvania
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Haagen D. Klaus;
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A Large Business: The Clintonville Site, Resources, and Scale at Adirondack Bloomery Forges
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Patrick Martin;
Andrew Sewell;
Paul White;
Timothy Tumberg;
Jason Menard;
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Scott D. Heberling;
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The Archaeology of Failure: An Example from the Juniata Iron District of Pennsylvania
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Reynolds, Terry S.;
Dawson, Virgina P.;
(2011)
Iron will: Cleveland-Cliffs and the mining of iron ore, 1847--2006
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T. Arron Kotlensky;
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Material Evidence of Ironmaking Techniques
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Jeremy Lowe;
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Housing as a Source for Industrial History: A Case Study of Blaenafon, A Welsh Ironworks Settlement, from 1788 to c1845
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David P. Staley;
Peter R. Mills;
Steven P. Lundblad;
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"I trust there will be no failure...": The Importance of Bricks and Brickmaking at the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company's Upper Works
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The West Point Foundry in Larger Perspective
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Brian Schmult;
(2016)
Evolution of the Hopewell Furnace Blast Machinery
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David L. Salay;
(2000)
"... as important and vital to successful mining, as the sap is to the tree": The Dorrance Colliery Fan Complex, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
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