Porträts von interessanten Personen: A new look at J. F. Blumenbach’s typological labels and the exemplars he discussed in his anthropological research (2020)
In 1794, Johann Blumenbach asserted that humanity consisted of five racial varieties he labeled ‘American’, ‘Caucasian’, ‘Ethiopian’, ‘Malay’, and ‘Mongolian’. Blumenbach selected eleven individuals as exemplars for his racial varieties. An analysis of the life histories of these individuals indicates that most of them found success in a new environment far from their ancestral homeland. This analysis indicates that Blumenbach selected his exemplars to demonstrate the transformative power of environment, which was also why he jointly chose the labels ‘Caucasian’ and ‘Mongolian’. It was not his aesthetic bias which inspired him to label Europeans as ‘Caucasians’, as some have proposed.
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