KI – Kapriolende Intelligenz – Kapriolende Information (AI - Capricious Intelligence - Capricious Information) (2023)
In 1955, the anthology Automata Studies was published, and in the same year, the Rockefeller Foundation received an application for funding the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Both events mark the beginning of the difficulties in interpreting the term “Artificial Intelligence” that have been discussed ever since. Looking at the history of intelligence and information theory, it becomes clear that the term intelligence already had various meanings, and it was only after the introduction of the term information as a new basic variable for communication theory and technology that the meaning of intelligence as a cognitive ability became dominant. In 20th century psychology, theories and measurement methods were developed for this concept of intelligence, culminating in the definition of the “intelligence quotient” (IQ). The work published by the psychiatrist and cyberneticist W. R. Ashby in Automata Studies does not project (artificial) intelligence into the computer, but sees it as an “intelligence amplifier”. However, this interpretation of “Artificial Intelligence” was not given further attention in the research field of the same name. 1955 erschien der Sammelband Automata Studies, und im gleichen Jahr erging der Antrag zur Förderung des Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence an die Rockefeller-Stiftung. Beide Ereignisse stehen am Beginn der seither diskutierten Interpretationsschwierigkeiten des Begriffs „Artificial Intelligence“. Mit Blick auf die Geschichte der Nachrichten- bzw. Informationstheorie wird klar, dass schon der Begriff intelligence verschiedene Bedeutungen hatte, und erst nach der Einführung des Begriffs information als neue Grundgröße für Kommunikationstheorie und -technik dominierte für intelligence die Bedeutung als kognitive Fähigkeit. Zu diesem Intelligenzbegriff wurden in der Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts Theorien und Messverfahren entwickelt, die in der Definition des „Intelligenzquotienten“ (IQ) gipfelten. Die von dem Psychiater und Kybernetiker W. R. Ashby in den Automata Studies veröffentlichte Arbeit projiziert keine (künstliche) Intelligenz in den Computer, sondern sieht in ihm einen „Intelligenzverstärker“. Diese Interpretation von „Artificial Intelligence“ wurde in dem gleichnamigen Forschungsfeld allerdings nicht weiter beachtet.
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