Article ID: CBB920610144

English engineer John Smeaton's experimental method(s): Optimisation, hypothesis testing and exploratory experimentation (2021)

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In this paper I provide a detailed account of eighteenth-century engineer John Smeaton's experimental methods, with the aim of bringing our understanding of his work into line with recent research in the history and philosophy of science. Starting from his use of the technique of parameter variation, I identify three distinct methodological aims in the research he carried out on waterwheels, windmills and hydraulic mortars. These aims are: optimisation, hypothesis testing and maxim generation. The main claim of this paper is that Smeaton did more than merely improve engineering methods by systematising earlier artisanal approaches, which is the classic view of Smeaton's method developed by historians of technology in the 1990s. I argue instead that his approach bridged the divide between science and technology, by integrating both hypothesis testing and exploratory experimentation. This is borne out, in particular, by the way that Smeaton emphasised the exploratory side of the work he published in the Philosophical Transactions, in contrast to his account of the construction of the Eddystone lighthouse, which was aimed at a broader, non-specialist public. I contribute to recent research on exploratory experimentation by showing – in line with other work on this topic – that exploratory experimentation is not incompatible with hypothesis testing. This new perspective on Smeaton's method will hopefully lead to further research and new insights into the relation between science and technology at the start of the Industrial Revolution.

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Authors & Contributors
Morris, Andrew M. A.
Lesley Taylor
Shirley Levon
Schmit, Christophe
Knowles, Scott
Valleriani, Matteo
Concepts
Science and technology, relationships
History of science, as a discipline
Engineering
Methodology of science; scientific method
Philosophy of science
Water mills; water wheels
Time Periods
18th century
17th century
Early modern
Medieval
20th century, late
19th century
Places
England
Great Britain
London (England)
Netherlands
Japan
Italy
Institutions
Académie Royale des Sciences (France)
Royal Society of London
American Institute of Physics
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