Khallaf El Ghalbi (Author)
Jabir ibn Hayyan (8th century) is considered one of the first to divide rocks according to their origins and he clearly distinguished between three categories of rocks. Al-Jahidh (9th century) mentioned volcanoes and fire rocks, pondering some interpretations of the diversity of characteristics of rocks which were based on the ratio of the terrestrial, water or air component, but did not take into consideration the fire component. The brothers of al-Safa (9th century –10th century), also distinguished smooth solid magmatic rocks that contained few plants, from soft superimposed sedimentary rocks (layer upon layer), in which many caves and a lot of plants, grasses and trees could be observed. Ibn Sina (11th century) also distinguished between sedimentary rocks (consisting mainly of a terrestrial substance) and the igneous rocks (consisting predominantly of water). It seems that Al-Al-Dimashqui (8th century) was well aware that the formation of some rocks was due to their exposure to very high temperatures (such as white marble), where the extensive heat changed their shape and the original stone appearance so that they took on a completely new aspect. Al-Jahidh stated: “And tell me about the jewels of the Earth […] are they something definitely created or earth that has been turned into them (transformed)?” Perhaps this is the first reference to metamorphic rocks. It is a statement that the rocks containing the gems, are not the ‘land’ created by God, and then remained as it was first created; but they are rocks that could be changed and transformed. Muslim naturalists were fully aware of the many origins and categories of rocks. It may be possible to consider them as the founders in general of petrology and in particular of the science of sedimentary rocks. Especially with regard to the works of Al-Bairouni (10th century-11th century), Al-Karkhi (11th century), the brothers of Al-Safa and Ibn Sina, which present a precise scientific language, describing the processes of weathering, transport, sedimentation and their consequences.
...More
Article
Alan H. Cutler;
(2021)
Steno and the Rock Cycle
(/isis/citation/CBB133993345/)
Article
Young, Davis A.;
(2012)
Origin of the American Quanitiative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 5
(/isis/citation/CBB001251732/)
Article
Young, Davis A.;
(2009)
Origin of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 2
(/isis/citation/CBB000932610/)
Article
Young, Davis A.;
(2011)
Origin of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 4
(/isis/citation/CBB001232529/)
Article
Potter, Paul E.;
Maynard, J. Barry;
Huff, Warren D.;
(2009)
Steps in the History of Mudstone Investigations---A Timeline, 1556 through 2007
(/isis/citation/CBB000932608/)
Article
Herbert, Sandra;
(2009)
Into the Field Again: Re-Examining Charles Darwin's 1835 Geological Work on Isla Santiago (James Island) in the Galápagos Archipelago
(/isis/citation/CBB000932605/)
Article
Geric, Michelle;
(2014)
Reading Maud's Remains: Tennyson, Geological Processes, and Palaeontological Reconstructions
(/isis/citation/CBB001201801/)
Chapter
Baffioni, Carmela;
(2010)
La science des pierres précieuses dans l'Épître des Ikhwān al Ṣafā': entre les catalogues encyclopédiques et le commentaire philosophique
(/isis/citation/CBB001023317/)
Chapter
Callataÿ, Godefroid de;
(2008)
World Cycles and Geological Changes According to the Brethren
(/isis/citation/CBB001022542/)
Book
Jules L. Janssens;
(2017)
An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sina: Second Supplement
(/isis/citation/CBB781573817/)
Book
L. W. C. van Lit;
(2017)
The World of Image in Islamic Philosophy: Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Shahrazuri and Beyond
(/isis/citation/CBB760835782/)
Chapter
Rashed, Roshdi;
(2011)
Le pseudo al-Ḥasan ibn al-Hayṯam: sur l'asymptote
(/isis/citation/CBB001260504/)
Article
Davis, Robert V.;
(2011)
Inventing the Present: Historical Roots of the Anthropocene
(/isis/citation/CBB001232532/)
Article
Young, Davis A.;
(2008)
Origin of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 1
(/isis/citation/CBB000950010/)
Article
Mohammad Yazdi;
(2021)
The history of mineralogy and gemology in Iran
(/isis/citation/CBB933510462/)
Chapter
Takahashi, Hidemi;
(2008)
A Treatise on Meteorology by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ṭālishī (ms. Daiber Collection ii, 82)
(/isis/citation/CBB000900203/)
Chapter
Baffioni, Carmela;
(2008)
The Religious Approach to Natural Sciences: The Case of Mineralogy in the Ikhwān al-Ṣafa' and in Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī
(/isis/citation/CBB000900195/)
Chapter
Burnett, Charles;
(2007)
Does the Sea Breathe, Boil or Bloat? A Textual Problem in Abū Maʿshar's Explanations of Tides
(/isis/citation/CBB001024060/)
Chapter
Giuseppina Ferriello;
(2009)
La forma e il moto della Terra: effetto della distribuzione dell'acqua e dei pesi: la teoria di Karaji
(/isis/citation/CBB747022622/)
Chapter
Podgorny, Irina;
(2013)
Terbrátulas y piedras de águila en el Río de la Plata: entre las palabras y las cosas alrededor de 1810
(/isis/citation/CBB001500465/)
Be the first to comment!