Aleksander Friedmann e la «rivoluzione copernicana» in cosmologia: L’impatto sulla cosmologia relativistica einsteiniana (2013)
Emanuele Tamborrino (Author)
Physis: Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza
Volume: 49
Pages: 317-352
In February 1917 the Prussian Academy of Sciences received an article entitled Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity) signed by Albert Einstein, with which scholars and historians recognized the birth of a “new era of contemporary cosmology” and the foundation of a new scientific status of cosmology as such. This scientific status would stem from the fact that the cosmological model is based upon the mathematical core of general relativity. However, from time to time, and by many, it was suspected that the close dependence of cosmology upon the theory of relativity had determined not so much (or at least not only) the scientific status of cosmology itself, but rather a general theoretical-philosophical orientation that was configured as a sort of effect or “defect of foundation.” This approach has in fact, according to some, imposed theoretical choices that have limited or even prevented a rigorous scientific foundation of cosmology itself. This early defect of foundation would be remedied, in the immediately following years between 1917 and 1924, by revisions of relativistic cosmology – dictated by the solutions of the field equations that Einstein had ruled out – first on the part of William de Sitter, and a few years later by Alexander A. Friedmann. The aim of this paper is then to retrace the Russian scientist’s work in the cosmological field by means of the comparative analysis of his fundamental works and with the aid of the valuable monograph by Tropp, Frenkel and Chernin, in the attempt to highlight his essential contribution to relativistic cosmology, and even more, and principally, to scientific cosmology; so much so that Friedmann’s work can be recognized – as have written his above-mentioned biographers – as the “Copernican revolution in cosmology.”
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