This study is focused on the development of mathematical sciences in India during the Second World War with reference particularly to India’s indigenous tradition in mathematics, the ongoing freedom struggle in the country, and the crosscurrents of influences coming from all over the world. The subject acquires significance all the more as an entirely new branch of mathematics——Operational Research— came into being during this period, and revolutionary progress was made in other areas like artificial intelligence and computer science, and statistics. Since India was crucially involved in the war as a part of the British Empire, a look at the developments here may prove valuable, especially in the light of her own rich tradition in mathematics and its application in the postwar reconstruction. For, as the war escalated and postwar reconstruction became a national urgency in many countries, especially the Allied and the Axis powers, research in these areas unveiled their potentialities for peacetime development, too. What was the scenario in India? How and how far could the mathematical sciences develop during the war here, especially in comparison to the developed countries? Did the indigenous knowledge and talent prove of any help both with respect to the global war and post-war reconstruction?
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