Chapter ID: CBB748074120

Jean-Jacques Matignon’s Legacy on Russian Plague Research in North-East China and Inner Asia (1898-1910) (2014)

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Cet article analyse les retombées de l’Expédition de la Vallée de Selenga menée par le médecin français Jean-Jacques Matignon en 1896 sur les recherches russes autour de la peste bubonique dans la décennie précédant la grande peste de Mandchourie de 1910-1911. En s’attachant tout particulièrement à l’expédition de Danilo Kirilovich Zabolotny à Weichang (1898) et à celle d’Ivan Stepanovich Dudchenko-Kolbashenko en Mongolie et en Transbaikalia (1907-1908), il examine comment l’hypothèse exposée par Matignon, selon laquelle la peste n’est pas endémique dans la région mais importée depuis le Sud de la Chine par des « coolies », s’est trouvée imbriquée dans l’hypothèse russe d’une origine zoonotique de la peste, centrée sur les marmottes sibériennes (tarbagan), vectrices endémique de la maladie dans l’Asie centrale. Cet article étudie comment l’ethnographie médicale russe réussit à forger une hybridation entre ces deux hypothèses, mettant le Lamaïsme au cœur du modèle transrégional de la peste bubonique. Hybridation basée sur l’hypothèse erronée que les marmottes se nourrissent des cadavres des pèlerins et des commerçants, exposés à l’air libre, et que ce sont ainsi les humains qui infectent les marmottes et non l’inverse., This paper examines the legacy of the 1896 Selenga Valley Expedition led by the French doctor Jean-Jacques Matignon on Russian research on bubonic plague in the decade preceding the great Manchurian plague epidemic of 1910-1911. With particular focus on Danilo Kirilovich Zabolotny’s expedition to Weichang (1898) and Ivan Stepanovich Dudchenko-Kolbashenko’s expedition to Mongolia and Transbaikalia (1907-1908), the paper will examine how Matignon’s hypothesis that plague was not endemic in the region but rather imported from South China on the back of so-called ‘coolies’was subsequently entwined with the Russian hypothesis of a zoonotic origin of plague, focused on Siberian marmots (tarbagan) as the endemic vector of the disease in Inner Asia. The paper will explore the role of Russian medical ethnography in forging a paradoxical hybrid between the two hypotheses, with Lamaism assuming a prominent role in forging a transregional model of bubonic plague. This was based on the mistaken assumption that marmots feed on sky-burial corpses of infected pilgrims and traders, hence proposing that it was humans who infected marmots with the disease, rather than the other way around., 本文討論1896年(滿洲鼠疫(1910-1911)爆發前十年)由法國醫生馬丁榮(Jean-Jacques Matignon) 所帶領的“色楞格流域考察”(Selenga Valley Expedition) 的成果及其對俄國在中國東北和內亞鼠疫研究的影響。本文通過分析丹尼洛˙基裡洛維奇˙紮博洛特內(Danilo Kirilovich Zabolotny)在圍場的考察(1898)和伊萬˙斯捷潘諾維奇˙杜琴柯-柯爾巴斯赫柯 (Ivan Stepanovich Dudchenko-Kolbasenko)在蒙古和外貝加爾的考察(1907-1908),探討馬丁榮醫生所持的假說:黑死病不是當地的地方病,而是由中國華南苦力所傳入的。俄國學者則提出另一假說:黑死病菌是一種源自動物傳染的瘟疫,主要是西伯利亞的旱獺(土撥鼠)作為帶菌者傳入亞洲內陸。兩種假說有密切關係。本文最後分析俄國醫學人類學者如何結合兩個互不相容的假說,建構一個跨地區的黑死病理論模型,而其中喇嘛教則擔當重要角色。這個理論模型建基於錯誤的假設:旱獺吞吃了感染瘟疫的朝聖者和商人的天葬屍體。本文作者則認為是人類早把瘟疫傳染給旱獺。

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Book Florence Bretelle-Establet (2014) Penser les épidémies depuis la Chine, le Japon et la Corée. unapi

Citation URI
https://data.isiscb.org/isis/citation/CBB748074120/

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Authors & Contributors
Varlik, Nükhet
Cilli, Elisabetta
Elisa Tinelli
Geddes da Filicaia, Marco
Traversari, Mirko
Biagini, Diletta
Concepts
Epidemics
Disease and diseases
Plague
Medicine
Public health
Medicine and society
Time Periods
19th century
Renaissance
20th century, early
Early modern
16th century
Medieval
Places
Italy
Ottoman Empire
Milan (Italy)
Turkey
South Africa
Russia
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