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Article ID: CBB715193668

À la recherche de la vision « normale » : mesurer l’acuité visuelle au XIXe siècle (2020)

Doria, Corinne (Author)

Canadian Bulletin of Medical History/Bulletin Canadienne d'Histoire de la Medecine
Volume: 37
Issue: 1
Pages: 147-172

DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.312-012019

URI: https://www-utpjournals-press.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/doi/full/10.3138/cbmh.312-012019

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Eye chart; optotype Measurement Scientific apparatus and instruments Clinical medicine Vision disorders Visual perception Medical technology Ophthalmology Vision 19th century

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser les débats sur les normes définissant l’œil et la vision « normaux » pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle en Europe. Il s’attache en particulier à la création des tableaux ophtalmologiques, l’un des principaux instruments utilisés pour mesurer l’acuité visuelle. Après avoir évoqué le cadre historique dans lequel les tableaux visuels modernes ont été développés, nous présenterons les plus célèbres d’entre eux ainsi que leurs caractéristiques. Nous analyserons ensuite les débats entre ophtalmologistes sur ce que sont une vision ou un œil dits normaux et nous montrerons le décalage entre les définitions théoriques avancées et les résultats des études cliniques. Enfin, nous considérerons la question de la mesure de l’acuité visuelle en dévoilant, d’une part, la volonté des spécialistes d’établir un cadre normatif et, d’autre part, les multiples obstacles qu’ils ont affrontés.

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