En 1896, dans Matière et mémoire, le philosophe Henri Bergson développe une théorie des rapports entre le cerveau et la pensée fondée sur une interprétation des aphasies, qu’il présentera durant toute sa vie comme une contribution positive à la recherche scientifique. Les théories unitaristes du docteur Pierre Marie, puis les théories globalistes de Raoul Mourgue, sembleront en effet lui donner raison et bientôt Bergson acquerra la réputation d’avoir devancé la science. L’étude de la réception de ses hypothèses en neurologie montre pourtant une réalité historique plus complexe. La querelle du bergsonisme joua, en fait, le rôle d’un marqueur de divisions dans un domaine, l’aphasiologie, déjà fortement clivé. En suivant ce fil conducteur des premiers articles iconoclastes de Marie, en 1906, jusqu’à la disparition de Mourgue, en 1950, nous prenons la mesure de ce que les neurologues et neuropsychiatres pouvaient attendre ou pas des hypothèses d’un philosophe parfaitement documenté, mais limité à des méthodes spéculatives.
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