Entre espace public et mondes privés: Les masculinités savantes aux origines de la discipline historique en France, 1870–1914 (2024)
Dans la lignée de travaux récents sur l'histoire des masculinités scientifiques et l'histoire sociale et culturelle des intellectuels, cet article propose une relecture des origines de la discipline historique centrée sur la partition entre espace public, monde privé et sphère professionnelle. Dès les années 1870, les ambitions nouvelles de l'histoire‐science redéfinirent en profondeur la persona savante, l’épistémologie disciplinaire et l'identité collective des historiens. Ce tournant scientifique favorisa l'institution d'un monde d'entre‐soi professionnel et masculin, précipitant ainsi la rupture avec le « grand public » profane, dont les femmes étaient l'incarnation la plus immédiate. En parallèle, ces chercheurs assignaient à l'histoire, « école du citoyen », d'importantes fonctions morales et civiques. Ainsi s'explique le discrédit jeté, en des termes charriant un profond imaginaire de genre, sur les travaux jugés trop étroitement érudits ou sur la « petite histoire », anecdotique et littéraire. Cet article met enfin en lumière la sphère privée des historiens, en insistant sur l’économie domestique du travail historiographique déployée au sein de l'espace du couple. Ces principes de vision et de division des mondes historiens ne manquent pas de générer des échos éminemment actuels, qui demeurent des objets de réflexivité collective pour la discipline d'aujourd'hui. [In line with recent work on the history of scientific masculinities and the social and cultural history of intellectuals, this article proposes a rereading of the origins of the historical discipline, focusing on the partition between public space, the private world and the professional sphere. From the 1870s onwards, the new ambitions of history as a science profoundly redefined the scholarly persona, disciplinary epistemology and collective identity of historians. This scientific turn of events fostered a world of professional and masculine entre-soi, precipitating the break with the lay “general public”, of which women were the most immediate embodiment. At the same time, these researchers assigned important moral and civic functions to history, the “citizen's school”. This explains the discrediting of work deemed too narrowly scholarly, or of anecdotal and literary “petty history”, in terms that reflect a profound gender imaginary. Finally, this article sheds light on the private sphere of historians, emphasizing the domestic economy of historiographical work deployed within the space of the couple. These principles of vision and division of the historian's world generate eminently topical echoes, which remain objects of collective reflexivity for today's discipline.]
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