Ancient “psychology” is chiefly the study of the physiology and dynamics of living beings, and its scientific and philosophical issues are fairly distinct from those of modern psychology. Its core is the general articulation of physical and intellectual processes, but in a very different context than in the modern “mind-body problem.” The abilities of the psychē, from perception to discursive thought, are generally considered within a physiological conception. We focus here on three theories of psychē (Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics). Next we discuss the problems faced by ancient philosophers: the place of imagination in the psychic economy, the conflict or cooperation between emotional and intellectual faculties, and the ethical problem of “choice.” Physiognomics appears to be a logical extension of psychological principles and the idea of a psychosomatical harmony, as understood by ancient physicians and philosophers.
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