I.0.1 The quadrant (Sanskrit: turīya-yantra, turya-yantra, turyagola-yantra ) is a graduated quarter circle with which the altitude of a heavenly body can be measured. The sine quadrant carries, in addition, a series of lines running parallel to one or both the radii. These parallel lines allow us to convert the angle of altitude into the corresponding sine and cosine and to solve trigonometric problems graphically. It is difficult to say when and where the simple quadrant was invented. In his Almagest, Ptolemy describes a simple quadrant in connection with what came to be known in later times as the `Mural Quadrant' which is set up on the north-south line and is used to measure the latitude of the locality and the obliquity of the ecliptic.
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