In his medical book entitled "De arte gymnastica" (Venice, 1569), the humanist physician Girolamo Mercuriale of Forlì (1530-1606) noted that the human body is the focus of several arts and disciplines of knowledge. Mercuriale put together his "De arte gymnastica" during his residence in Rome (in the years 1562-1569), where he served as the personal physician of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (1520-1589), one of the most powerful Churchmen and patrons at the time. The "De arte gymnastica" is a book of exceptional erudition that combines medical with broad philological, historical, and antiquarian learning in Mercuriale’s endeavour to recover the Greco-Roman gymnastics as the true medical gymnastics. Mercuriale’s erudition reflects the intellectual trends of the Roman milieu that combined, rather than divided, scientiae, while it emerges as an ethical stance and tool of criticism against aspects of medical learning and practice at the time.
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