Dans le sillage de la Révolution française, on assiste, d’un côté, à l’émergence du modèle de l’école normale, de l’autre, à la création de modèles pédagogiques différents pour les enfants auxquels ce type d’éducation ne peut s’adresser. Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, premier directeur de l’Institut national des sourds-muets, et Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard, médecin de la même institution, s’attellent chacun à l’éducation d’un enfant, Massieu et Victor, qui deviennent des cas exemplaires. C’est alors le moment de cristallisation de plusieurs catégories – enfant ordinaire, enfant sauvage, enfant sourd-muet, enfant idiot – qui vont bientôt jouer un rôle stratégique dans le destin de l’enfance et les politiques d’éducation. Il s’agit ici d’examiner comment leurs usages de ces termes chargent cette distinction d’une portée épistémologique et politique dans la détermination de la normalité. I In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the model of an école normale emerged, alongside other pedagogical models for children whose needs the mainstream schools failed to address. Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, the first Director of the Institut national des Sourds-Muets [National Institute for the Deaf and Mute], and Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard, a doctor at this Institute, undertook to educate children: Massieu (the most famous among Sicard’s mentees), and Victor, respectively, each of whom became emblematic cases. Categories that would soon play a strategic role in the understanding of childhood and in educational policy began to crystallise at this time: the ordinary child, the wild child, the deaf-mute child, and the idiot child. This article examines how the experts’ uses of these categories lent epistemological and political weight to the definition of normality.
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