This article examines the principles of distributive justice that underlie common rationales and goals in science and technology policy, treating four traditions in political philosophy: libertarian; utilitarian; contractarian; and communitarian. All four approaches play some role in current S&T policies: in market orientation; in the effort to maximize public benefit; in programs targeted to disadvantaged groups; and in programs that build community through involvement in research. This variety gives national policy-makers options to mix, match, and grow these elements in their national systems. Making conscious decisions about the mix is important to achieving public goals in science and technology.
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