International Sanitary Conferences (ISCs) paved the way for the creation of permanent global health agencies such as today’s World Health Organization. However, the analysis of their internationalism can be misleading if the underlying struggle between states for political and sanitary hegemony is ignored. This article argues that the early ISCs held between 1851 and 1866 were essentially a French project. They were deeply rooted in French plans aimed at the standardization and liberalization of quarantines, reaching back as far as the 1830s and which had been led by health officials such as Philippe de Segur, François Mélier and Sulpice-Antoine Fauvel. During Napoleon III’s reign, in parallel with other international initiatives such as the construction of the Suez Canal, the ISCs were the culmination of three decades of French struggle on both shores of the Mediterranean against a number of European competitors, of which Great Britain had come to be the most prominent.
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