In the wake of the Great Recession, a new cycle of scholarship opened on the history of American capitalism. This occurred, however, without much specification of the subject at hand. In this essay, I offer a conceptualization of capitalism, by focus- ing on its root—capital. Much historical writing has treated capital as a physical factor of production. Against such a “mate- rialist” capital concept, I define capital as a pecuniary process of forward-looking valuation, associated with investment. Engag- ing recent work across literatures, I try to show how this con- ceptualization of capital and capitalism helps illuminate many core dynamics of modern economic life.
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