All’inizio del Settecento, Bernardino Ramazzini, celebre medico e accademico emiliano, dà alle stampe un testo destinato a cambiare il rapporto tra medicina e politica della salute: il De morbis artificum diatriba. Seguendo un’intuizione originaria di Ippocrate, Ramazzini considera salute e lavoro due elementi inscindibili: ogni diagnosi deve passare per la conoscenza approfondita delle mansioni quotidiane del paziente. Così, con approccio preilluminista, entrando nelle case e nelle botteghe, Ramazzini inizia a studiare le condizioni di vita e lo svilupparsi di patologie in oltre cinquanta tipi differenti di lavoratori. È la nascita della medicina del lavoro. Già sul finire del XVII secolo, del resto, si era arrivati all’idea che l’aver cura della salute dei lavoratori non implicava soltanto benefici ad personam, ma era utile ad societatem. La forza lavoro, motore imprescindibile del nuovo sistema produttivo industriale, andava tutelata. Le classi più povere, che per secoli erano state ignorate dalla medicina in nome di un pregiudizio aristocratico, irrompono nelle aule accademiche, diventano oggetto di studio. La medicina del lavoro emerge dal mero ambito tecnico, entrando in un chiaroscuro di scontro e incontro politico e filosofico. Dalla teorizzazione dei concetti di “igiene pubblica” e “medicina preventiva”, alla fondazione della Clinica del Lavoro voluta da Luigi Devoto, fino ai fondamentali progressi apportati da Salvatore Maugeri – che tra i primi parlò del bisogno di un percorso riabilitativo per i lavoratori che hanno subito infortuni –, Giorgio Cosmacini ricostruisce il percorso di una disciplina angolare dello stato moderno. Ne indaga i presupposti filosofici e ne ripercorre la storia, fatta di medici visionari e accademici reazionari, di “padroni” tutelati e lavoratori debilitati, restituendoci l’affascinante storia del rapporto indissolubile tra salute e lavoro. [Abstract translated by DeepL.com/Translator: This is the abstract in English… At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bernardino Ramazzini, a celebrated physician and academic from Emilia, brought to print a text destined to change the relationship between medicine and health policy: the De morbis artificum diatriba. Following an original intuition of Hippocrates, Ramazzini considers health and work to be two inseparable elements: any diagnosis must pass through a thorough knowledge of the patient's daily tasks. Thus, with a pre-Enlightenment approach, entering homes and workshops, Ramazzini began to study living conditions and the development of diseases in more than fifty different types of workers. This is the birth of occupational medicine. By the end of the 17th century, after all, the idea had already been arrived at that taking care of the health of workers involved not only ad personam benefits, but was useful ad societatem. The labor force, the indispensable engine of the new industrial production system, had to be protected. The poorer classes, which for centuries had been ignored by medicine in the name of aristocratic prejudice, burst into academic classrooms, became the object of study. Occupational medicine emerges from the mere technical realm, entering a chiaroscuro of political and philosophical confrontation and encounter. From the theorization of the concepts of "public hygiene" and "preventive medicine," to the founding of the Clinica del Lavoro desired by Luigi Devoto, to the fundamental advances made by Salvatore Maugeri-who was among the first to speak of the need for a rehabilitative pathway for workers who have suffered injuries-the author reconstructs the path of a cornerstone discipline of the modern state. He investigates its philosophical assumptions and traces its history, made up of visionary physicians and reactionary academics, of protected "masters" and debilitated workers, giving us back the fascinating story of the indissoluble relationship between health and work.]
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