Cet article a pour objectif de replacer les travaux de Jean Itard dans le domaine de l’histoire de la pensée sur le langage de l’enfant. En effet, il a développé ses travaux au tout début du xixe siècle et ceux-ci ont influencé les méthodes de rééducation concernant les sourds. Mais en acquisition du langage, les réflexions qu’il a développées à partir du cas de Victor reflètent certaines des préoccupations du xviiie siècle et du xixe siècle naissant à partir de la pensée de Condillac notamment (rôle de l’imitation, ordre d’accès au langage, origine des langues, accès au signe linguistique), et mettent en avant certaines problématiques nouvelles (réitération de la production de l’enfant, fonction symbolique, désir) qui occupent les chercheurs encore aujourd’hui (principalement autour de la notion de seuil critique). Il s’agira donc, dans ce travail, de resituer que les travaux d’Itard sur le cas de Victor dans l’histoire de la pensée sur le langage de l’enfant, et de mettre en avant les usages que certaines de ses réflexions jouent dans le débat actuel. This article sets out to situate Jean Itard’s research within the history of ideas about the language of the child. Itard’s work, which he carried out at the very beginning of the nineteenth century, influenced later methods for re-educating the deaf. In his thoughts on language acquisition, however, inspired by the case of Victor, he returned to certain eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century concerns found in Condillac (the role of imitation, the order of access to language, the origin of languages, and access to the linguistic sign). He also formulated some new problems (repetition of the child’s production, the symbolic function, desire), which are still research subjects today (principally around the notion of critical threshold). We shall therefore situate Itard’s research on Victor within the history of thought on the language of the child, and address the role played by some of his ideas in contemporary debates.
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