The diagrammatic illustration of the division of the ecumene appears in the margins of the Jugurtha manuscripts (c. 17) at a date that is difficult to determine, and is probably ancient. Their authors tried to explain the text of Jugurtha, firstly by showing the topographical and ethnographical data of North Africa, and later by giving a complete picture of the orbis terrarum which goes beyond the simple explanation of the text by placing Sallustian Africa in an ecumenical representation. The extension of the horizon of Latin Europe, through the crusades and trade, led to the creation of images that were richer in content. However, by the end of the Middle Ages, the appeal of Jugurtha’s geography and ethnography had diminished, probably because the conditions for reading Sallustian works were changing, and other modes of cartographic representation were becoming available that were considered more satisfactory.
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