Article ID: CBB353485138

The Degenerating Sex: Female Sterilisation, Medical Authority and Racial Purity in Catholic Brazil (2020)

unapi

This article examines female sterilisation practices in early twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It argues that the medical profession, particularly obstetricians and psychiatrists, used debates over the issue to solidify its moral and political standing during two political moments of Brazilian history: when the Brazilian government separated church and state in the 1890s and when Getúlio Vargas’s authoritarian regime of the late 1930s renewed alliances with the Catholic church. Shifting notions of gender, race, and heredity further shaped these debates. In the late nineteenth century, a unified medical profession believed that female sterilisation caused psychiatric degeneration in women. By the 1930s, however, the arrival of eugenics caused a divergence amongst physicians. Psychiatrists began supporting eugenic sterilisation to prevent degeneration – both psychiatric and racial. Obstetricians, while arguing that sterilisation no longer caused mental disturbances in women, rejected it as a eugenic practice in regard to race. For obstetricians, the separation of sex from motherhood was more dangerous than any racial ‘impurities’, both phenotypical and psychiatric. At the same time, a revitalised Brazilian Catholic church rejected eugenics and sterilisation point blank, and its renewed ties with the Vargas regime blocked the medical implementation of any eugenic sterilisation laws. Brazilian women, nonetheless, continued to access the procedure, regardless of the surrounding legal and medical proscriptions.

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Authors & Contributors
Stahnisch, Frank W.
Erna Kurbegović
Barna Szamosi
Mouchenik, Yoram
Jacqueline D. Antonovich
Nguyen, Thuy Linh
Concepts
Eugenics
Medicine and race
Psychiatry
Medicine and politics
Birth control; contraception; sterilization
Medicine and gender
Time Periods
20th century, early
19th century
20th century
18th century
Places
Germany
United States
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Brazil
Alberta, Canada
Melbourne (Victoria, Australia)
Institutions
Universität Zürich
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