Article ID: CBB283953516

Conflicts and Epidemics: the War of Gradisca (1615 - 1617) (2022)

unapi

The “war of Gradisca” (1615-1617) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg Empire. The conflict is also known as the “Uskok war”, from the population whose acts of piracy against venetian ships sailing the Adriatic Sea represented the “casus belli.” The Uskoks were refugees coming from Balkan countries to escape the Ottoman Empire advance who had found shelter in the Kvarner Gulf under the protection of the Habsburg Empire. In the spring of 1616, an epidemic disease began to claim victims among horses and thereafter among soldiers and civil populations; in autumn another infection wave occurred. Modern reappraisals have largely interpreted those events as recurrent outbreaks of glanders, a zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei. We performed a reassessment of available historical documents, providing an overview of contextual and epidemiological data. Environmental conditions, modes of disease transmission and type of clinical manifestations suggest that, in addition to Burkholderia mallei, other agents - mainly including Salmonella, Shigella and Rickettsia - possibly generated multiple infectious outbreaks capable of establishing an epidemic. In the article, we also discuss issues related to infectious diseases that are of modern relevance.

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Authors & Contributors
Cilli, Elisabetta
Giulia Delogu
Traversari, Mirko
Biagini, Diletta
Luiselli, Donata
Pittalis, Edoardo
Journals
Medicina Historica
Acque Sotterranee
Scientia Canadensis: Journal of the History of Canadian Science, Technology, and Medicine
Past and Present
Panacea
Galenos: Rivista di Filologia dei Testi Medici Antichi
Publishers
Cierre edizioni
Biblioteca dei Leoni
Quod Manet Press
Ibis Edizioni
Septentrion
Publications de l'Université de Provence
Concepts
Medicine
Epidemics
Disease and diseases
Public health
Plague
Medicine and politics
People
Wilde, Robert Willis
Donzellini, Girolamo
Bartolomeo da Messina
Time Periods
17th century
Republic of Venice (697–1797)
18th century
16th century
Renaissance
19th century
Places
Italy
Mediterranean region
Québec (Canada)
Spain
Japan
Canada
Institutions
Catholic University of Ireland (Dublin)
Royal Belfast Academical Institution
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