Article ID: CBB277370460

Joseph John Thomson’s Models of Matter and Radiation in the Early 1890s (2011)

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In the late nineteenth century, Joseph John Thomson moved away from Maxwell’s specific theoretical models of matter and energy, even though he continued to rely on the general framework of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. In his 1893 book, he accomplished the conceptual drift towards a discrete model for matter, electricity, and fields. In Thomson’s model, energy was linked to tubes of force, in particular to the aether contained in them and surrounding them: the energy was the kinetic energy of aether, of both a rotational and translational kind. Starting from Maxwell’s electromagnetic fields, namely stresses propagating through a continuous solid medium, Thomson arrived at a representation of fields as a sea of discrete units carrying energy and momentum. He tried to transform Maxwell’s theory into a unified picture in which atomic models of matter stood beside atomic models of fields. In 1904 his interpretation of X-rays was based on the integration between two complementary features of electromagnetic radiation, the continuity and the discreteness, and on some kind of fibrous aether. In recent secondary literature, the problematic conceptual link between J. J. Thomson’s theory and contemporary theories on electromagnetic radiation has been underestimated. On the contrary, in the first half of the twentieth century, some physicists inquired into that link, and a widespread debate emerged, misunderstandings included.

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Authors & Contributors
Hon, Giora
Goldstein, Bernard R.
Bordoni, Stefano
Pelosi, Giuseppe
Stefano Selleri
Hubert, Mario
Concepts
Electromagnetism
Physics
Models and modeling in science
Methodology of science; scientific method
Science education and teaching
Ether
Time Periods
19th century
20th century
20th century, early
Places
Great Britain
England
Scotland
Europe
Tuscany (Italy)
Institutions
Cambridge University
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