Arbel, Tal (Author)
Harrington, Anne (Advisor)
The dissertation asks how social science and its tools—especially those associated with the precise measurement of attitudes, motivations and preferences—became a pervasive way of knowing about and ordering the world, as well as the ultimate marker of political modernity, in the second half of the twentieth century. I explore this question by examining in detail the trials and tribulations that accompanied the indigenization of scientific polling in 1950s Israel, focusing on the story of Jewish-American sociologist and statistician Louis Guttman and the early history of the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research, the survey research organization he established and ran for forty years. Along with a wave of scientist-explorers who traveled to the postcolonial areas in the early Cold War, Guttman set out to the Middle East, leaving a secure academic position and settling in Jerusalem on the eve of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The inventor of cumulative scaling (known today as “Guttman scaling”)—a method of measurement first developed and used in The American Soldier, the classic World War II study of soldiering—Guttman sought to test in Israel the applicability of cutting-edge socio-psychological research techniques to the problems of a new state. With these objectives in mind, he established a small volunteer-based research unit within the Haganah, the largest among the paramilitary Zionist organizations in British Palestine, which then became part of the nascent Israeli Army. By the late 1950s, the military unit had evolved into a successful national research organization—the first of its kind outside the United States—that employed over two dozen workers and carried out studies on all aspects of social life for government offices, the military, and clients in the private sector. Joining others who have rejected Basalla’s diffusion model, my dissertation shows there was nothing inevitable about the spread of these statistical methods and tools. Rather, they traveled and took root through an active, engaged, and directed process, which required the entrepreneurial initiative and cultural labor of individuals, and depended in turn on the institutional experience and habits of mind they brought with them, their embodied skills, relationships and personal virtues. More concretely, I argue that the eventual institutionalization of this scientific practice and its attendant rationality in Israel was due primarily to Guttman’s ability to recreate the conditions of knowing by rendering social science expertise intelligible in the vernacular, and to make an “ecological niche” for scientific claims and methods to feel at home away from home. Yet, while Guttman was successful in recreating some of the conditions of social scientific knowing, conducting large-scale survey research in a “hostile,” or error generating environment—whether shortage of trained workers, resistant subjects and dismissive decision-makers, competing epistemic values, or the strains of war and state building—often engendered local adaptations. Highlighting the “iterability” of science in translation, I also show that behavioral concepts and claims embedded in the ‘deliverables’ produced by Guttman were often reframed, modified, and infused with local modes of reasoning and understanding as they were vernacularized. The dissertation thus serves to illuminates both the processes that governed the global circulation of scientific ideas and tools in the postwar period and the central role this knowledge migration played in shaping the history of the modern social sciences.
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Book
Boer, Leo;
Wagemakers, Bart;
(2014)
Archaeology in the Land of “Tells and Ruins”: A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer
(/isis/citation/CBB001450675/)
Thesis
Martin, Shirley Ann;
(2012)
Grounding Tools That Travel: Ideology, Research Style, and Imagined Community in the Circulation of Inferential Statistics, 1918--1966
(/isis/citation/CBB001560742/)
Article
Donna Tafreshi;
(2022)
Adolphe Quetelet and the legacy of the “average man” in psychology
(/isis/citation/CBB333634470/)
Article
Nadler, Arie;
(2001)
The Victim and the Psychologist: Changing Perceptions of Israeli Holocaust Survivors by the Mental Health Community in the Past Fifty Years
(/isis/citation/CBB000100108/)
Thesis
Ghosh, Arunabh;
(2014)
Making it Count: Statistics and State-Society Relations in the Early People's Republic of China, 1949--1959
(/isis/citation/CBB001567560/)
Book
Diana Dolev;
(2016)
The Planning and Building of the Hebrew University, 1919–1948: Facing the Temple Mount
(/isis/citation/CBB746276363/)
Article
Philippe Fontaine;
(2020)
Calling the Social Sciences Names
(/isis/citation/CBB117012073/)
Chapter
Åsa Andersson;
(2013)
Successful Ageing in Modern Social Gerontology: A Historical Perspective on Theories of Activity and Disengagement
(/isis/citation/CBB248923854/)
Article
Leonidas Tsilipakos;
(2022)
The idea of an ethically committed social science
(/isis/citation/CBB097648298/)
Book
Adela Hîncu;
Viktor Karády;
(2018)
Social sciences in the "Other Europe" since 1945
(/isis/citation/CBB840332647/)
Article
Aleksei Lokhmatov;
(2020)
Auf dem Weg zur „Einheit“: Józef Chałasiński und die Suche nach einer „erlaubten“ Genealogie der Soziologie im Nachkriegspolen (1945–1951)
(/isis/citation/CBB018534008/)
Book
Dirlik, Arif;
Li, Guannan;
Yen, Hsiao-pei;
(2012)
Sociology and Anthropology in Twentieth-Century China: Between Universalism and Indigenism
(/isis/citation/CBB001202153/)
Article
Perry, Yaron;
Lev, Efraim;
(2006)
Ernest William Gurney Masterman, British Physician and Scholar in the Holy Land
(/isis/citation/CBB001020947/)
Article
Perry, Yaron;
Lev, Efraim;
(2006)
Three Generations of British Physicians in Jerusalem: Internal Conflict Regarding Their Professional Identity
(/isis/citation/CBB000850122/)
Article
Cassata, Francesco;
(2005)
Un'internazionale di destra: l'Institut International de Sociologie (1950--1970)
(/isis/citation/CBB000660074/)
Book
Latham, Michael E.;
(2000)
Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era
(/isis/citation/CBB000330839/)
Book
Haney, David Paul;
(2008)
The Americanization of Social Science: Intellectuals and Public Responsibility in the Postwar United States
(/isis/citation/CBB000830872/)
Book
Backhouse, Roger E.;
Fontaine, Philippe;
(2010)
The History of the Social Sciences since 1945
(/isis/citation/CBB001023182/)
Article
Sébastien Plutniak;
(2017)
Is an Archaeological Contribution to the Theory of Social Science Possible?. Archaeological Data and Concepts in the Dispute Between Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean-Claude Passeron
(/isis/citation/CBB124799854/)
Article
Turner, Charles;
(2015)
Travels without a Donkey: The Adventures of Bruno Latour
(/isis/citation/CBB001551408/)
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