Article ID: CBB142938370

Leonardo da Vinci, the Ventricles of the Brain, and the Foramen of Monro (2022)

unapi

Abstract Leonardo da Vinci’s neuroanatomical studies include a cast of the ventricles of an ox with melted wax. By depicting the result of this ingenious approach, he provided the first graphic representation of the connection between the cerebral ventricles. We question the widespread assumption that Leonardo already showed the fully paired lateral ventricles and the interventricular foramina today named after Alexander Monro. Instead, we demonstrate by graphical means and magnetic resonance imaging that this is in fact a longstanding misinterpretation of an unusual section plane and its depiction used by Leonardo. Such a midline section fails to show two lateral ventricles and their interventricular foramina both in human and ruminant brains. Our results correct numerous inaccurate statements made in the literature since 1930. With regard to Leonardo’s rendering of the ventricular system, we discuss the realism of his anatomical drawings, the visual techniques he employed, and the legitimation of our approach.

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Authors & Contributors
Laurenza, Domenico
Clayton, Martin
Bernardoni, Andrea
Gatta, Massimo
Minutoli, Fabio
Quaglino, Margherita
Journals
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
Renaissance Studies
NTM: Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin
Nature
Bollettino di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche
Publishers
Olschki
Aracne
Skira
Royal Collection
Princeton University Press
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Concepts
Science and art
Human anatomy
Engineering
Neuroanatomy
Manuscripts
Technology
People
Leonardo da Vinci
Raffael
Pacioli, Luca
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Merian, Maria Sibylla
Marshal, Alexander
Time Periods
15th century
16th century
Renaissance
17th century
19th century
18th century
Places
Italy
Europe
Great Britain
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