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Article ID: CBB104404434

Comment éveiller l’âme de Victor ? (2021)

Antoine-Mahut, Delphine (Author)
Winter, Mathias (Author)
Lézé, Samuel (Author)

Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines
Volume: 38
Pages: 69-87

DOI: 10.4000/rhsh.5765

URI: https://journals.openedition.org/rhsh/5765

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Feral children; wild children Philosophy Epistemology Metaphysics Soul (philosophy) 19th century 17th century France Itard, Jean Victor de l'Aveyron

Dans l’historiographie des enfants sauvages, le Dr Jean Itard est un point de départ et Victor de l’Aveyron, un cas paradigmatique. Or, c’est aussi l’aboutissement d’une longue histoire métaphysique : la nature de l’âme humaine est le problème ontologique et épistémologique central. Un épisode décisif du xviie siècle fait ainsi référence au xixe siècle : si tout homme possède une idée innée de son âme, comment cette idée s’actualise-t-elle ? Inversement, pourquoi ne s’actualise-t-elle pas, ou difficilement, chez certains hommes ? Et que peut-on y faire ? Le cas Victor est un concentré « empiriste » de ce problème « rationaliste » : comment éveiller son âme ? Dans cette perspective, l’objectif de cet article est de reconstituer la formation et la réception de ce cadre métaphysique pour expliquer le jugement clinique du Dr Itard sur le cas Victor dans une perspective d’histoire épistémologique. In the historiography of the wild child, Dr Jean Itard (1774-1838) represents a starting point, and Victor of Aveyron, a paradigmatic case. But it is also the end-point of a long history in metaphyics, in which the nature of the human soul is the central ontological and epistemological problem. A critical moment in the seventeenth century points forwards to the nineteenth century: every human being possesses an innate idea of his or her soul, but how does this idea become operative? Or equally, why does it not become operative, or only with great difficulty, in certain humans? And what can be done about this? The case of Victor is, from this standpoint, an “empirical” shorthand for the “rationalist” problem of how the soul is awakened. This article sets out to trace the development and reception of this metaphysical background, and to explain Dr Itard’s clinical assessment of Victor's case in the light of a history of epistemology.

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