This article proposes a reading of the balsam in the Natural History (12.111–23) through the socio-historical construct of Botanical Imperialism: the physical and cognitive appropriations of flora to establish cultural primacy. Pliny’s construction of the balsam engages with Flavian preoccupations such as Rome’s economic recovery after the civil war, the integration of Judaea into the empire, Titus’ self-presentation as conqueror, and the influence of eastern luxury. Discerning the ideological dimensions of the balsam contributes towards scholarship on the literary qualities of the Natural History, and sets Pliny’s botany in the context of comparative work on imperialism and the natural sciences.
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