Article
ID: CBB012873979

[The Atomic Bomb and the Abolition/Renunciation of War, 1945-1946] 原子爆弾と戦争廃絶・放棄論1945 1946 (2019)

unapi
Peace movements Science and politics Nuclear weapons; atomic weapons 20th century, late Japan

The “Russell-Einstein Manifesto” issued in 1955, a year after the Bikini incident, called upon the world for the abolition of nuclear weapons and war. It is well known that a similar assertion was made in a journal article in 1946 by Yoshio Nishina, one of Japanʼs prominent nuclear physicists who officially studied the damage of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This paper shows that there were a wide range of arguments in Japan for the abolition and/or renunciation of war in the immediate aftermath of the atomic bombings. Naruhiko Higashikuni, the first Prime Minister after Japanʼs surrender, suggested the idea of “Peaceful Country Japan [Heiwa kokka Nippon].” Tanzan Ishibashi, an influential journalist and future Prime Minister in the 1950s, witnessed a drastic change in international relations caused by the atomic bomb, calling for Japan to become a “warrior for world peace [Sekai heiwa no senshi].” Kanji Ishihara, a former Army lieutenant general and military philosopher, understood that the emergence of atomic bombs and the pursuit of world peace under the United Nations after World War II as a sign of “world political unity [seijiteki sekai toitsu]” that he had anticipated prior to the war. Realizing that the atomic bomb had changed the way of war, Kijuro Shidehara, Prime Minister after Higashikuni, spoke to Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Douglas MacArthur of the necessity of abolishing and renouncing war. MacArthur incorporated this idea into his demands concerning Japanʼs constitutional revision. All these individuals foresaw the meaning of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution in the context of the nuclear age, hoping that Japan would be a pioneer of war abolition and renouncement.

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Authors & Contributors
Higuchi, Toshihiro
Hamblin, Jacob Darwin
Ashkenazi, Ofer
Carlisle, Rodney P.
Hogg, Jonathan
Jenks, Andrew
Journals
British Journal for the History of Science
Historia Scientiarum: International Journal of the History of Science Society of Japan
Cold War History
East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal
Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences
Isis: International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences
Publishers
Oxford University Press
Stanford University Press
Anthem Press
Berghahn Books
Johns Hopkins University Press
Georgetown University
Concepts
Nuclear weapons; atomic weapons
Science and politics
Cold War
Peace movements
Public understanding of science
International relations
People
Einstein, Albert
Lee, Benjamin Whisoh
Rabinowitch, Eugene
Eisenhower, Dwight David
Time Periods
20th century, late
21st century
20th century
20th century, early
Places
United States
Great Britain
Japan
Soviet Union
Europe
India
Institutions
National Institute of Health (U.S.)
Greenpeace
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963)
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