Walker, Lisa Kay (Author)
This dissertation examines the development of hygiene in Late Imperial Russia both as a discipline of medical science and in its application to systems of preventive medicine and sanitation in local communities. The gains of the Reform era and the rise of public activism in the 1890s facilitated the formation of an urban public health infrastructure that began to respond to communities' changing needs. Even as medical science was creating conditions of greater remove from the general population, physicians' interactions with other segments of society were an equally important part of the profession's development. Doctors played a significant role as members of an increasingly radicalized intelligentsia and by diffusing ideas about the influence of environment on the collective health of populations. By the eve of World War I, the innovations of medical science presented a challenge to existing attitudes, but on the whole these innovations were integrated into a set of ideas that held environment and social conditions as key determinants of health. This thesis aims to contribute to two historiographical traditions: the social history of Russia, and the transnational social history of medicine. The development of public health in the West has been portrayed as a shift from the medical police regimes of mercantilist states to the social medicine approach of the modern welfare state. Russia provides an important case for our understanding of this model of how we have come to police the health of populations. Imperial-era medicine and public health represented a meaningful antecedent of both Soviet-era social hygiene, and by extension, twentieth- century Western social medicine. While the emphasis on counter-reforms that marks the traditional historical narrative of this period accurately depicts part of what occurred in Russia at this time, individual communities displayed a surprising level of engagement in their attempts to meet the challenges of modernization. I consult a combination of central and local archival sources, published materials, and contemporary newspapers and medical periodicals to investigate the role that urban public health and sanitation movements played in furthering this community-level activism, based primarily on the case history of the provincial town of Nizhnii Novgorod.
...MoreDescription Cited in Diss. Abstr. Int. A 65/02 (2004): 650. UMI pub. no. 3121743.
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