Mallard, Grégoire (Author)
My dissertation examines how the globalization of modern science and technology has redefined the power and legitimacy of modern nation-states. Taking the transatlantic history of postwar nuclear science as a case in point, I focus on proposals to establish international organizations (the International Atomic Energy Agency) and/or supranational nuclear communities (the European Community of Atomic Energy), formulated by the US government and West European governments between the 1940s and the 1970s. Drawing and expanding on the literature in historical sociology and political science on the formation of nation-states and the role that transnational networks play in international relations, I ask: How were national governments persuaded to delegate control over the regulation of nuclear activities, either to global international organizations, or to West European supranational communities? How did informal transatlantic networks successfully convince national political leaders, bureaucracies and experts to support their plans? How do these attempts to disengage nuclear science from national control change our conceptions of sovereignty and international relations? To answer these questions, I compare the role of two transatlantic networks of nuclear scientists and policymakers whose expert skills, social capital, and access to political elites varied--liberal and cosmopolitan internationalists as opposed to European federalists. The first network of cosmopolitans and international liberals was mostly composed of American and European nuclear scientists who worked during the war for the Manhattan Project, as well as concerned citizens and scholars who joined their effort for international control of the atom after the war. The second network, of European federalists, was comprised mostly of American and European lawyers, businessmen and politicians gathered around Jean Monnet and hoped to secure a new space for European sovereignty. As I show, the social characteristics of these two transatlantic networks determined the extent to which they succeeded in achieving their goals, and moreover I am able to specify three forms of action by which they pursued their differing political and strategic aims: (1) as norm entrepreneurs , able to articulate different sets of norms and values justifying the delegation of sovereignty they asked for; (2) as policy entrepreneurs , able to articulate new policy paradigms to solve the strategic problems of national nuclear proliferation and East/West military gap in Europe; (3) as policy translators , able to translate the specific policies they proposed into terms that were acceptable to those who disagreed with their policy paradigm within national governments and bureaucracies. Based on archival research in the US and in the archives of the European Community, I track the series of transatlantic controversies between these cosmopolitan, international liberals and European federalists. The characteristics of their networks explain the specific formation of the atomic confederacy which eventually tied together Western nuclear development. My model of how transnational networks affect international law by acting as norm and policy entrepreneurs as well as policy translators allows me to re-think how nation-states, international organizations, and transnational networks operate together in a globalized world.
...MoreDescription Cited in Diss. Abstr. Int. A 69/08 (2009). Pub. no. AAT 3323187.
Book
Gavin, Francis J.;
(2012)
Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America's Atomic Age
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Book
Kaufman, Scott;
(2013)
Project Plowshare: The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Explosives in Cold War America
(/isis/citation/CBB001320942/)
Article
Hecht, Gabrielle;
(2007)
A Cosmogram for Nuclear Things
(/isis/citation/CBB000741719/)
Book
Elisabeth Roehrlich;
(2022)
Inspectors for Peace: A History of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(/isis/citation/CBB775978058/)
Article
Bahgat, Gawdat;
(2006)
Nuclear Proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran
(/isis/citation/CBB001031134/)
Article
Hecht, Gabrielle;
(2006)
Negotiating Global Nuclearities: Apartheid, Decolonization, and the Cold War in the Making of the IAEA
(/isis/citation/CBB000670744/)
Article
Maria Rentetzi;
(2021)
With strings attached: Gift-giving to the International Atomic Energy Agency and US foreign policy
(/isis/citation/CBB321286517/)
Article
Maria Rentetzi;
(2017)
Determining Nuclear Fingerprints: Glove Boxes, Radiation Protection, and the International Atomic Energy Agency
(/isis/citation/CBB970461078/)
Thesis
Greene, Benjamin Patrick;
(2004)
Crucified on a Cross of Atoms: Eisenhower, Science, and the Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1945--1963
(/isis/citation/CBB001562077/)
Book
Jacob Darwin Hamblin;
(2021)
The Wretched Atom: America's Global Gamble with Peaceful Nuclear Technology
(/isis/citation/CBB105394498/)
Book
Martin Theaker;
(2018)
Britain, Europe and Civil Nuclear Energy, 1945–62: Power Politics
(/isis/citation/CBB014709955/)
Article
Pinkus, Binyamin;
(2002)
Atomic Power to Israel's Rescue: French-Israeli Nuclear Cooperation, 1949--1957
(/isis/citation/CBB000641102/)
Article
Uekoetter, Frank;
(2012)
Fukushima, Europe, and the Authoritarian Nature of Nuclear Technology
(/isis/citation/CBB001232551/)
Book
Mazower, Mark;
(2012)
Governing the World: The History of an Idea
(/isis/citation/CBB001321238/)
Article
Hogg, Jonathan;
Laucht, Christoph;
(2012)
Introduction: British Nuclear Culture
(/isis/citation/CBB001251855/)
Chapter
Barnhart, Megan;
(2009)
Selling the International Control of Atomic Energy: The Scientists' Movement, the Advertising Council, and the Problem of the Public
(/isis/citation/CBB000952565/)
Chapter
Maddock, Shane J.;
(2009)
Defending the American Way and Containing the Atom: Ideology and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy since 1945
(/isis/citation/CBB000952566/)
Article
Toshihiro Higuchi;
(2015)
The Strange Career of Dr. Fish: Yoshio Hiyama, Radioactive Fallout, and Nuclear Fear Management in Japan, 1954‒1958
(/isis/citation/CBB079912877/)
Book
Mueller, John E.;
(2010)
Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda
(/isis/citation/CBB001230659/)
Book
Rodney P. Carlisle;
Joan M. Zenzen;
(1996)
Supplying the Nuclear Arsenal: American Production-reactors, 1942-1992
(/isis/citation/CBB967814772/)
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