Kal m atomism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of the fal sifa. In the Physics of the Shif ', Ibn S n undertook a detailed refutation of kal m atomism through several arguments. These arguments elicited a muted response from al-Ghaz l , whose commitment to kal m was minimal at best. A more forceful response seems to have been offered by al-Shahrast n but its details remain sketchy due to the lack of surviving sources. Fakhr al-D n al-R z , whose intellectual development went through a phase of commitment to Avicennism and thereby a vigorous endorsement of Ibn S n 's anti-atomist arguments followed by a phase of a critical engagement with Avicennism, provides a detailed rebuttal to Ibn S n 's arguments in addition to constructing novel arguments in defense of kal m atomism.
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