Sert, Gürkan (Author)
Dölen, Emre (Author)
Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari: Studies in Ottoman Science
Volume: 14, no. 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 69-86
Edition Details: Translated title: [State Quinine in Turkey from the Ottoman to the Republic Era] In Turkish.
Language: Turkish
Malaria posed a significant public health issue in the Ottoman Empire, and became even more devastating during WWI. Since the only known drug effective against the disease was quinine, certain administrative measures were taken during this period. In the Republic era, malaria maintained its status as an important public health problem for Turkey, when an intense campaign against the disease was initiated. In both periods, the state attempted to take all necessary precautions, and the distribution of low-priced quinine by the state was one of the first measures. Through the enactment of the law entitled Kinin Tedariki için 1332 S hhiye Müdiriyet-i Umumiyesi Bütçesine 50.000 Lira Tahsisat- Fevkalade lavesi Hakk nda Kanun- Muvakkat issued in Ramazan 2, 1334 [July 3, 1916], the state aimed to procure pure and cheap quinine to the populace. The law in mention stipulated further regulations, and in Kanun-i sani 14, 1332 [January 27, 1917], another regulation entitled Kinin Tedarikine Dair 2 Ramazan 1334 Tarihli Kanun- Muvakkat n Suret-i Tatbikiyesi Hakk nda Nizamname defining many practical aspects including procurement, pricing, storing and selling of quinine was issued. The law entitled Kinin Tedariki ve Füruhtu Hakk nda Kanun enacted in April 4, 1333 [1917], stated that certain amount of monies would be reserved for the procurement and selling of quinine to the public within the annual budget of Ministry of Health. During the Ottoman era, quinine was sold to the public through these regulations and by the State and Ziraat (Agriculture) Bank, a practice observed also in the Rebulican period. As a matter of fact, the relevant regulations on the issue dating from the Ottoman era were not abolished, and the later related laws were observed to be a continuation of their Ottoman predecessors. With the law entitled Kinin Tedariki ve Füruhtu Hakk nda 4 Nisan 1333 Tarihli Kanunun Dördüncü Maddesinin Tadiline Dair Kanun enacted on April 26, 1926, the Turkish state aimed to amend the previous regulation on the issue dating from the Ottoman era. The law dated May 28, 1931, entitled 26 Nisan 1926 tarih ve 827 numaral kanun mucibince kinin al m sat m fasl- mahsusuna tahsisat kayd n n tasdikine dair kanun defined new measures to be taken with regard to quinine procurement,. Other laws of similar nature were enacted in 1936, 1937, 1939 and 1940. With the breaking out of WWII and the Germans occupation of Southeast Asian plantations, as well as the processed quinine stocks of Japanese and Dutch origin, there was a severe shortage of quinine reserves in the world. As a consequence, a decree entitled Kininlerin Beyana Tabi Tutulmas na ve Elkonulmas na Dair 322 Say l Karar n Meriyete Konulmas na Dair Kararname was issued in order to buy and collect quinine. This paper examines the legislation enacted during both the Ottoman and the early Republic periods in order to regulate the state-controlled distribution of quinine, which remained the only drug against malaria until the 1940s. Key words: Quinine, malaria, selling of quinine, quinine laws, Ottoman Empire, Turkey.
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