This chapter attempts to clarify the problem describing the destructive forces that were at work in the period from the rise of the Greek polis to the first phase of the Muslim conquests. It describes the evidence for possible shortages of fuel-wood and construction wood, and makes comments on the markets in each of these classes of commodity. The chapter briefly reviews the most pertinent evidence provided by pollen analyses and by alluvial sedimentation. It evaluates a recent discussion based on demography. The chapter demonstrates that the reason why the effects of heavy demand for wood were not more severe was probably active woodland management combined with an effective system of distribution. It considers the likely effects of known climate changes. The substantive problem of deforestation arises here from the fact that the Greeks, Romans and other peoples of the Mediterranean certainly used and destroyed great quantities of trees.
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