This chapter provides a framework for examining ancient Mediterranean cities' fuel supplies. Archaeological charcoal is at the heart of this approach but aspects of the historic sources are also considered and a case study of Pompeii's fuel economy is briefly overviewed in line with the methodology suggested. New scientific techniques beyond simple charcoal identification as to wood type have started to appear and are discussed in terms of their usefulness for examining forest management and consumption. The chapter aims to encourage researchers to collect charcoal, and shows the detailed ways in which it can now be used to examine a city's fuel supply. Indeed the relevance of studying ancient wood fuel remains appears to have become greater today as we consider modern problems of climate change, and the potential of pelletized wood as a part of our fuel future.
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