Ernährungskrise, Krankheit, Hungertod; Wien (und Österreich-Ungarn) im Ersten Weltkrieg (2013)
This essay focuses on the food crises in Vienna and Austria-Hungary at the time of the Great War. The transition from the war to the post-war period was particularly difficult for Vienna. The city more than once came close to a hunger catastrophe. The situation only improved in the early 1920s thanks to support from abroad. This contribution first asks about specific causes and particularities of the food crisis in the Habsburg Empire and demonstrates that, apart from war-related causes and the Entente's embargo policies, mainly political administrative conflicts and asymmetries between the Austrian and Hungarian governments were responsible for the desolate food situation. In the Austrian part of the empire, not only Vienna but other regions too, such as the industrialized parts of Bohemia, suffered from hunger and nutrition-related diseases. Another question that will be addressed is that of the position Austrian general politics and academic medicine took up with regard to the "food question". Roger Cooter and Steve Sturdy proposed that modern warfare is determined by the dissolution of the boundaries between the civilian and military populations -- and that medicine plays a prominent part in that.1 Following on from this, I would like to present the example of the Viennese paediatrician Clemens von Pirquet whose answer to the famine was a "nutritional system" that he tested at the paediatric hospital of Vienna University before introducing it in other hospitals. Immediately after the war his hospital was the main venue and headquarters of international relief efforts. The suggestion is to localize Pirquet's nutritional system within the context of human-economic interpretation models and rationalization efforts.
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