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Article ID: CBB001251989

Le projet du néolamarckisme français (1880--1910) (2012)

Loison, Laurent (Author)

Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
Volume: 65, no. 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-79

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Evolution Experimental biology Lamarckism Physiology Philosophy 20th century, early 19th century France

It is generally acknowledged that the Darwinian and especially Neo-Darwinian theses had a difficult reception in the French scientific community. A different sort of transformism, generally qualified as Neo-Lamarckian, fueled the opposition with which they met. This French brand of transformism has often been described -- and sometimes by the scientists themselves -- as a heterogeneous entity, a simple juxtaposition of critical conceptions without any general unity. We would like to defend a different interpretation of this history. The main object of this paper is to present the positive aspect of French Neo-Lamarckism. This implies that, on the one hand, this transformism had a certain internal consistency, and that, on the other hand, this consistency was not reducible to a general form, the French case of which would be merely a geographical demarcation. French Neo-Lamarckism was driven by a specific project, that of rendering the transformist hypothesis scientific. This aim called for a theoretical basis, that is the inclusion of this evolutionism in the causal and mechanical explanation of the material universe. It also required an empirical aspect, that is the development of what was called experimental transformism. Behind this project, we read the desire to build a transformism similar to the model of scientificity that Bernardian physiology had acquired at the end of the 19th century.

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