Article ID: CBB001220961

Malaria: Origin of the Term “Hypnozoite” (2011)

unapi

The term hypnozoite is derived from the Greek words hypnos (sleep) and zoon (animal). Hypnozoites are dormant forms in the life cycles of certain parasitic protozoa that belong to the Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) and are best known for their probable association with latency and relapse in human malarial infections caused by Plasmodium ovale and P. vivax. Consequently, the hypnozoite is of great biological and medical significance. This, in turn, makes the origin of the name hypnozoite a subject of interest. Some missing history that is now placed on record (including a letter written by P. C. C. Garnham, FRS) shows that Miles B. Markus coined the term hypnozoite. While a PhD student at Imperial College London, he carried out research that led to the identification of an apparently dormant form of Cystoisospora (synonym: Isospora). In 1976, he speculated: If sporozoites of Isospora can behave in this fashion, then those of related Sporozoa, like malaria parasites, may have the ability to survive in the tissues in a similar way. He adopted the term hypnozoite for malaria in 1978 when he wrote in a little-known journal that this name would … describe any dormant sporozoites or dormant, sporozoite-like stages in the life cycles of Plasmodium or other Haemosporina. At that time, the existence of a hypnozoite form in the life cycle of Plasmodium was still a hypothetical notion. In 1980, however, Wojciech A. Krotoski published (together with several co-workers) details concerning his actual discovery of malarial hypnozoites, an event of considerable importance.

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Authors & Contributors
Lima, Nísia Trinidade [Trindade]
Bollyky, Thomas J.
McCrea, Heather
Yeo, I. S.
Kim, S.
Kim, Y.
Concepts
Public health
Infectious diseases
Disease and diseases
Prevention and control of disease
Malaria
Medicine
Time Periods
20th century
20th century, early
20th century, late
19th century
21st century
18th century
Places
Korea
Brazil
Amazon River Region (South America)
United States
Great Britain
Philadelphia, PA
Institutions
World Health Organization (WHO)
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil)
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