This piece adopts a genealogical approach to the emergence of neo-Shamanism as a spiritual practice. It argues that the work of Freud and Durkheim collapsed the dichotomy between primitive and civilized which characterized nineteenth-century evolutionist anthropology. Neither Freud nor Durkheim embraced the consequences of this collapse, and while Bataille attempted to do so, his application of Shamanism to modern self-governance was constrained by the terms of the Freudian/Durkheimian framework. Jung did embrace this collapse, positing a universal equivalence between religious forms and psychological processes, and this epistemic shift permitted his interlocutors, Levi-Strauss and Eliade, to inaugurate the discursive frameworks which made neo-Shamanism thinkable as an ethical practice for contemporary Westerners. Analyses which suggest that neo-Shamanisms are rediscoveries of a primal spirituality write from within this framework, neglecting the contingency of historical change, the creativity of anthropological appropriations and the politics of knowledge.
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