Although it was long a controversial subject in the acoustics community, passive synthetic aperture remained of great interest to Bill Carey. Over the years, there were several “proofs” that it couldn't be done in any practical way. These proofs were technically correct in terms of the models upon which they were based, but it eventually became clear that these models were quite constraining in that they had no relation to actual practice and further, were hamstrung in that they were centered on the concept of beamforming. It is shown how passive synthetic aperture was placed on a firm theoretical basis by avoiding the focus on a synthetic “beam pattern” and treating the bearing and range estimation as pure estimation problems, where the approach is based on a joint estimation of bearing and source frequency, or in the case of the wavefront curvature problem a joint estimation of bearing, source frequency and range. A history of Bill's contributions to the area is outlined and explanations of the shortcomings of the so-called “proofs” are discussed. Several examples of experimentally verified results are outlined and several examples are given.
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