Beisaw, April M. (Author)
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
Volume: 79
Pages: 366--376
Historical and prehistoric archaeology can contribute to an overall understanding of the environmental history of any region. Archaeological excavation often provides direct environmental data in the form of animal and plant remains (such as bones, pollen, seeds) and indirect data through the documentation of land-use patterns (evidence of agricultural and/or horticultural cultivation, hunting and fishing practices, style and extent of architectural constructions, and so on). These data allow archaeologists to study how past cultures and landscapes impacted each other, often leading to unexpected results. The impacts of Native American habitation are an important component of environmental history, as Europeans moved into a landscape already modified by Native use. The environment encouraged contact between Natives and non-Natives as both groups sought to live in and pass through areas with easy access to fresh water and abundant plant and animal resources. When they came together, the two groups often traded environmental products, whether foodstuffs or animal skins. Environmental resources were modified and soil erosion accelerated as footpaths turned into roads and forests were felled for new villages and agricultural fields. The increased population and the demands of trade with Europe required more efficient hunting practices. Once-plentiful species became rare, while rare and sometimes exotic species moved in to take their place. Furthermore, all of this took place within the context of a major climatic shift known as the Little Ice Age.
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