The ancient rivalry between the learned physician and the unofficial, popular healer seems to have broken out with particular vindictiveness during the early modern period. Emboldened by a rapidly changing and increasingly competitive medical marketplace, charlatans and popular healers challenged traditional medicine in printed tracts and in public performances in the piazzas and marketplaces. The university-trained physicians responded to the challenge with a barrage of attacks on popular errors. The errors of the people in medicine became emblematic of the credulity and backwardness of popular culture in general. This paper, originally presented at a conference in Koper, Slovenia, focuses upon physicians' writings on popular errors written between the mid-16th century and the early 18th century and analyzes the cultural codes and stereotypes about popular culture that emerged from these writings.
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