Hapax legomena in general, and the nomenclature of fauna in particular, are not easily or smoothly identified. Many animal names that appear only once or twice in the Bible, with no further zoological information, have caused confusion among Bible translators. The wish to translate and interpret the Bible in its entirety led translators and commentators to use different methods in order to render obscure animal names. The list of unclean birds in Leviticus 11 provides a good example of the difficulties in identifying animal names in the Bible. The various ways in which medieval Biblical commentators tackled this difficulty are examined, with the focus on a Judeo-Arabic biblical glossary found in an early Geniza manuscript (MS T-S Ar. 31.243). This glossary, which provides us a rare glimpse into the zoological aspects of lexicology in Judeo-Arabic biblical exegesis, is of particular interest because its identifications of most birds differ from those found in other translations
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