Levita, Georgy S. (Author)
Olsson, Lennart (Author)
Coined in 1893 by the German zoologist Wil360-133helm Haacke, the concept of orthogenesis became quite influential in the life sciences in the first half of the 20th century. In certain countries this influence lasted until after WWII. However, the dominance of the Modern Synthesis of Evolution in the 1960-70s in most countries with a research tradition in evolutionary biology, and in the majority of biology-related disciplines ultimately pushed the concept of orthogenesis into the shadow of this dominating paradigm. In this paper, we make a brief survey of the history of ideas of directed evolution. We also give a historically founded definition of orthogenesis and describe possible structural levels and mechanisms of orthogenesis. Our perspective is international, but special attention is paid to the German lands, where the orthogenesis tradition was very strong and persisted well into the post-WWII era.
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