Flyingfishes (Exocoetidae) are unique oceanic animals that use their tail and their large, wing-like pectoral fins to launch themselves out of the water and glide through the air. Independent observations document that flyingfishes use their gliding ability to escape from aquatic predators such as dolphins (marine mammals). The fossil record of flyingfishes is very poor. Nevertheless, the evolution of gliding among flyingfishes and their allies (Beloniformes) was analysed and reconstructed by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz (1903 -- 1989) and other zoologists. In this article I review the comparative method in evolutionary biology, describe historical controversies concerning the biology and systematics of flyingfishes and present a hypothesis on the phylogenetic development of gliding among these marine vertebrates. This integrative model is based on behavioural studies and has been corroborated by molecular data (evolutionary trees derived from DNA sequences).
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