Physiology at the University of Turin from the Unification of Italy to the End of the Twentieth Century (2000)
In spite of its contribution to the unification of Italy, last century the Italian ruling class was rather conservative not only in politics but also in culture. Positivism which was already popular in France had a few followers in Italy. Thus, at the University of Turin, medical and biological sciences were in need of a strong revewal. The renewal came when, in 1861, the Ministre of Education Francesco De Sanctis invited the Dutch physiologist Jackop Moleschott to teach in Turin. Moleschott was the one who introduced experimental physiology in Turin and in Italy. Since he was also a materialistic philosopher, his way of thinking was based not only on the results of experiments, but also on general iideas which formed a sort panteistic system. If this way of thinking was a limitation to his scientific reserach, his pupil Angelo Mosso, who succeeded him on the chair of Physiology in 1879 distinguished between materialistic methodology and materialistic philosphy, thus contributing to take experimental research out of any prejudice. Mosso, who had an international education, renewed the research methodology in Italy by introducing the use of the chimograph which allowed the recording of the time-dependent vital phenomena.
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